Wuiania and its languages

Version b0.0

This version of the page is rapidly changing.​  ​The previous version is now non-canonical.
All lexicons have been reset and restarted.


This page uses the American convention for numbers.​  ​Unless otherwise noted, a dot "." is the decimal separator, and a comma "," is the thousands separator; and -illion numbers are in the short scale.


This page uses 〈ᴀ〉 in its phonetic notation to represent the open central unrounded vowel, and 〈a〉 to represent the open front unrounded vowel.


Base-19 (Enneadecimal) numbers on this page are conveyed with an ad-hoc extension of the Magnuson system (the man's name is spelled very inconsistently).
  1. 10: Ann(-ty/-teen)
  2. 11: Bet(-ty/-teen)
  3. 12: Chris(-ty/-teen)
  4. 13: Dot(-ty/-teen)
  5. 14: Ernest(-y/-een)
  6. 15: Frost(-y/-een)
  7. 16: Grace(-ty/-teen)
  8. 17: Hope(-ty/-teen)
  9. 18: Ian(-ty/-teen)
  10. 19: ten

There is a syntax error in the data definition that prevents the table from being generated.​  ​Its source code is being shown below instead.

Wuianese

Phonology:

Initials:

 
Involved in a shift or merger
  Labial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal (Pre-)Velar Glottal
  V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less
Plosive Plain /p/ 〈p〉 /b/ 〈b〉     /t̪͆/ 〈ť〉 /d̪͆/ 〈ď〉 /t/ 〈t〉 /d/ 〈d〉 /t̠/ 〈t̀〉 /d̠/ 〈d̀〉 /c/ 〈k̋〉 /ɟ/ 〈g̋〉 /k/ 〈k〉 /g/ 〈g〉 /ʰʔ/ 〈q〉
Aspirated         /t̪͆ʰ~θ/ 〈ť̰〉   /tʰ/ 〈t̃〉   /t̠ʰ/ 〈t̰̀〉   /cʰ~c͡ç/ 〈k̰̋〉   /kʰ~k͡x/ 〈k̃〉   /ʰʔʰ~ʰʔ͡h/ 〈q̃〉
Palatalized /pʲ/ 〈ṕ〉 /bʲ/ 〈b́〉     /t̪͆ʲ/ 〈ť́〉   /tʲ/ 〈t́〉 /dʲ/ 〈d́〉         /k̟/ 〈ḱ〉 /g̟/ 〈ǵ〉  
Palatalized aspirated         /t̪͆ʲʰ/ 〈ť̰́〉   /tʲʰ/ 〈t̰́〉           /k̟ʰ/ 〈ḱ̰〉    
Nasal Plain   /m/ 〈m〉           /n̪~n/ 〈n〉   /n̠/ 〈ǹ〉   /ɲ/ 〈ń〉   /ŋ/ 〈n̏〉  
Palatalized   /mʲ/ 〈ḿ〉           /n̪ʲ~nʲ/ 〈ń〉           /ŋ̟/ 〈ň〉  
Flap               /ɾ~r/ 〈r〉              
Fricative Plain     /ɸ~f/ 〈f〉 /v/ 〈v〉 /θ/ 〈þ〉 /ð/ 〈ð〉 /s/ 〈s〉 /z/ 〈z〉 /ʃ/ 〈s̀〉 /ʒ/ 〈z̀〉 /ç/ 〈x̋〉 /ʝ/ 〈ɣ̋〉 /x/ 〈x〉 /ɣ/ 〈ɣ〉 /h/ 〈h〉
Palatalized     /fʲ/ 〈f́〉 /vʲ/ 〈v́〉     /sʲ/ 〈ś〉 /zʲ/ 〈ź〉 /ɕ/ 〈ŝ〉 /ʑ/ 〈ẑ〉     /x̟/ 〈x́〉 /ɣ̟/ 〈ɣ́〉  
Affricate Plain     /p̪͡f/ 〈f̌〉 /b̪͡v/ 〈v̌〉     /t͡s/ 〈c〉 /d͡z/ 〈ž〉 /t̠͡ʃ/ 〈č〉 /d̠͡ʒ/ 〈j〉          
Palatalized     /p̪͡fʲ/ 〈f᷉〉 /b̪͡vʲ/ 〈v᷉〉     /t͡sʲ/ 〈ć〉 /d͡zʲ/ 〈z᷉〉 /t͡ɕ/ 〈c᷉〉 /d̠͡ʑ/ 〈j́〉          
Lateral fricative             /ɬ~ɮ/ 〈l̃〉   /ɬ̠~ɮ̠~ɭ̊˔~ɭ˔/ 〈l̰̀〉            
Approximant /w~β̞/ 〈w〉             /l/ 〈l〉 /ɹ~ɻ/ 〈l̀〉     /j/ 〈y〉      

Vowels

 
  Front Near-front Central Back
  Unround Rounded Unround Rounded
Close /i/ 〈i〉   /ɯ̟~ɨ/ 〈u̇〉 /u/ 〈u〉
Near-close   /ʏ/ 〈ü〉    
Close-mid /e/ 〈e〉     /o/ 〈o〉
Mid     /ə/ 〈ë〉  
Open-mid /ė/ 〈ɛ〉     /ɔ/ 〈ö〉
Open     /ᴀ~a/ 〈a〉  

Stress accent

Wuianese words usually have up to one stressed syllable; words compounded from multiple stress-bearing words will have two stressed syllables, but the most stressed of the two will usually be the first one.​  ​Stress is marked with an acute accent diacritic ◌́, with the "lesser" stressed syllables in compounds being marked with a grave accent ◌̀.​  ​However, stress may not be marked in writing on words where stress does not form a minimal pair (that is, if stress will not change the meaning); it is always marked in learning materials and dictionaries.​  ​In a word with stressed syllables, the unstressed syllables will be at a slightly lower pitch than those in a word without stressed syllables.​  ​Grammatical affixes are exempt from this rule and do not change the pitches of the word they are attached to.

Diphthongs and polyphthongs (multiphthongs)

Any vowel may follow any other vowel; duplicate vowels are equivalent to long vowels.​  ​Wuianese phonotactics allow for up to 3 vowels in a syllable; triphthongs' components can exhibit considerable allophony.​  ​If a polyphthong is stressed, the entire polyphthong bears the stress (there cannot be mixed stress across a polyphthong's vowels), and all of the vowel letters are marked with the diacritic.

Finals:

 
  Labial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Pre-velar Velar Glottal
  V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less
Plosive Plain Unreleased /p̚/ 〈p/ṕ/b/b́〉           /t̚/ 〈t/ď/t́/d/d́/ť/ť́/t̀/d̀〉               /k̚/ 〈k/g/ḱ/ǵ〉   /ʔ/ 〈q〉
Released         /t̪͆/ 〈ť̰〉 /d̪͆/ 〈ď̰〉 /t/ 〈t̃〉 /d/ 〈d̃〉 /t̠/ 〈t̰̀〉 /d̠/ 〈d̰̀〉 /c/ 〈k̰̋〉   /k̟/ 〈ḱ̰〉 /g̟/ 〈g̃́〉 /k/ 〈k̃〉 /g/ 〈g̃〉 /ʔʰ/ 〈q̃〉
Palatalized         /t̪͆ʲ/ 〈ť̰́〉   /tʲ/ 〈t̰́〉 /dʲ/ 〈d̰́〉                  
Nasal Plain   /m/ 〈m〉           /n̪~n/ 〈n〉   /n̠~ɳ/ 〈ǹ〉   /ɲ/ 〈ń〉       /ŋ/ 〈n̏〉  
Palatalized   /mʲ/ 〈ḿ〉           /n̪ʲ~nʲ/ 〈ń〉           /ŋ̟/ 〈ň〉      
Fricative     /f/ 〈f/f́/f̌〉 /v/ 〈v/v́/v̌〉 /θ/ 〈þ〉 /ð/ 〈ð〉 /s/ 〈s〉 /z~s~z̥᪽/ 〈z〉 /ʃ/ 〈s̀〉 /ʒ/ 〈z̀〉     /ç̟/ 〈x́〉 /ɣ́~i̯/ 〈ɣ́〉 /x/ 〈x〉 /ɣ/ 〈ɣ〉 /h/ 〈h〉
Affricate Plain             /t͡s/ 〈c〉 /d͡z/ 〈ž〉 /t̠͡ʃ/ 〈č〉 /d̠͡ʒ/ 〈j〉              
Palatalized             /t͡sʲ/ 〈ć〉 /d͡zʲ/ 〈z᷉〉 /t͡ɕ/ 〈c᷉〉 /d̠͡ʑ/ 〈j́〉              
Approximant /u̯/ 〈w〉             /l/ 〈l/l̃〉 /ɹ~ɻ/ 〈l̀/l̰̀〉     /i̯/ 〈y/ǵ/g̋/k̋/x̋/ɣ̋〉          

Orthography

 
Roman letter a b b́ c ć č c᷉ ď ď̰ d d́ d̀ d̃ d̰́ d̰̀ e ė ë f f́ f̌ g̋ ǵ ǵ̰ g̃ g h i u̇ j j́ k̋ ḱ k̰̋ ḱ̰ k̃ k l l̀ l̃ l̰̀ m ń n ǹ n̏ o ȯ ö p ṕ q q̃ r s ś ŝ s̀ ť ť́ ť̰ ť̰́ t t́ t̀ t̃ t̰́ t̰̀ u ü v v́ v̌ w x̋ x́ x ɣ̋ ɣ́ ɣ y z ź ẑ z̀ ž z᷉ þ ð
ASCII by cy ch chy hdd hddh dy dr dh dyh drh ea oe fy pf ygy gy gyh gh iu jy yky ky ykyh kyh kh lr lh lrh ny nr ng ao uo py qh sy shy sh htt htty htth httyh ty tr th tyh trh ui vy bv yxy xy yghy ghy gh zy zhy zh dz dzy ht hd
Initial sound [ᴀ~a] [b] [bʲ] [t͡s] [t͡sʲ] [t̠͡ʃ] [t͡ɕ] [d̪͆] [d̪͆ʱ] [d] [dʲ] [d̠] [dʱ] [dʲʱ] [d̠ʱ] [e] [ɛ] [ə] [f~ɸ] [fʲ] [p̪͡f] [ɟ] [g̟] [g̟ʱ] [gʱ] [g] [h] [i] [ɯ̟~ɨ] [d̠͡ʒ] [d͡ʑ] [c] [k̟] [cʰ~c͡ç] [k̟ʰ] [kʰ~k͡x] [k] [l] [ɹ~ɻ] [ɬ~ɮ] [ɬ̠~ɮ̠~ɭ̊˔ɭ˔] [m] [ɲ] [n̪~n] [n̠] [ŋ] [o] [ɒ] [ɔ] [p] [pʲ] [ʰʔ] [ʰʔʰ~ʰʔ͡h] [ɾ~r] [s] [sʲ] [ɕ] [ʃ] [t̪͆] [t̪͆ʲ] [t̪͆ʰ] [t̪͆ʲʰ] [t] [tʲ] [t̠] [tʰ] [tʲʰ] [t̠ʰ] [u] [ʏ] [v] [vʲ] [b̪͡v] [w~β̞] [ç] [x̟] [x] [ʝ] [ɣ̟] [ɣ] [j] [z] [zʲ] [ʑ] [ʒ] [d͡z] [d͡zʲ] [θ] [ð]
Final sound [p̚] [t̚] [d̪͆] [t̚] [d] [dʲ] [d̠] [f] [i̯] [g̟] [g] [k̚] [i̯] [k̚] [c] [k̟] [k] [k̚] [l] [ɹ~ɻ] [l] [ɹ~ɻ] [p̚] [ʔ] [ʔʰ~ʔ͡h] [l] [t̚] [t̪͆] [t̪͆ʲ] [t̚] [t] [tʲ] [t̠] [v] [u̯] [i̯] [ɣ̟~i̯] [i̯]

Polyphthongs are not considered their own letters.​  ​Ambiguities in are disambiguated with the apostrophe '.​  ​Many consonants make the same sounds as finals, but the orthography has been mostly regularized.

Phonotactics:

The syllable structure is (C)(L)(N)(L)(S)V(V)(V)(C).
  • When an aspirated plosive precedes a liquid medial, the aspiration is moved to after the liquid and the liquid becomes aspirated or breathy-voiced.
  • Interdental plosives before an /l/ medial (/t̪͆l/, /d̪͆l/, /t̪͆ʰl/, /d̪͆ʱl/, /t̪͆ʲl/, /t̪͆ʲʰl/) become laterally released. With the above rule, they respectively become ([ t̪͆ˡl ], [ d̪͆ˡl ], [ t̪͆lʱ~t̪͆l̤ ], [ d̪͆lʱ~d̪͆l̤ ], [ t̪͆ʲl ], [ t̪͆ʲlʱ~t̪͆ʲl̤ ]).
    • Vowels following aspirated plosives may be pronounced with a breathy voice.
    • /j/ palatalizes an initial plosive or affricate, if one is present, whereas the vowel [i] alone may or may not.​  ​/ŋ/ palatalizes to [ŋ̟]/[ɲ̠] (the pre-velar nasal).
    • /e/ shifts to /e̞/ after an aspirated consonant.
    • /ji/ shifts /n/ to [ɲ] and /ŋ/ to [n].
    • A syllable cannot have more than one liquid medial.
    • Likewise, /w/ labializes a preceding plosive (but not necessarily an affricate).
    • <ww> is realized as [wː~ʰw~wu̯~u̯w] and <yy> is realized as [jː~ji̯~i̯j].
    • [j] palatalizes <č> [t̠͡ʃ] to [t͡ʲɕ] and <j> [d̠͡ʒ] to [d͡ʲʑ].
    • A final aspirated consonant before its unaspirated counterpart assimilates into a single aspirated consonant; <l̃> /ɬ̆~ɮ̆/ is considered the aspirated form of <l> /l/. for this rule. The rule considering interdental plosives overrides this rule.
    • 〈u̇〉 /ɯ̟~ɨ/ is likely to front to [ɨ] after palatal consonants.

Grammar

Most verbs do not conjugate by changing in form, instead using affixes or subsequent spaced markers to indicate information such as tense; the citation form of a verb is marked for tense (past, present, or future), but the present marker can generally be omitted.​  ​Present tense, simple aspect, and indicative mood are default.​  ​Polyphthongs are not considered their own letters.​  ​Aspect markers come between the verb and the tense marker; mood markers come after aspect markers (V-A-M-T).​  ​Wuianese has a minimal or nonexistent class distinction between adjectives and adverbs, such that adjectives can also serve as adverbs.​  ​Adverbs and adjectives acting as adverbs come after the verb and T.A.M markers.​  ​Despite this, some words which do not make sense as adjectives do exist solely as adverbs (and thus come after the verb).​  ​This placement rule excepts "dyów", which comes before the thing it negates.​  ​Modifiers come before the nouns they modify (e.g. blue car), and this is often the order in which compounding usually proceeds; but often compounds deviate from this order due to phonotactics.​  ​Wuianese uses an OSV (I-D-S-V) order and postpositions, which can be chained and, despite their name, come before the object(s) (they are called "postpositions" here because they come after the thing they relate to, as in the "chair" in "on a chair").​  ​The subject can be omitted in an imperative statement.​  ​Adjectives do not follow a set order, and may be ordered for emphasis (with the emphasized adjectives coming first).​  ​However, demonstrative adjectives come before all other adjectives.

Word table (Uncounted total entries)

Abbreviations

n.: noun
prn.: pronoun
v.: verb
adj.: adjective
adv.: adverb
postp.: postposition
int.: interjection
conj.: conjunction
m.: marker
art.: article

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Sissinese

Phonology:

Consonants:

 
  Labial Pre-alveolar Palatalized pre-alveolar Alveolar Palatalized alveolar Retracted alveolar Alveolo-palatal Post-alveolopalatal Pre-post-alveolar Post-alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular
V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced
Plosive /p/ 〈p〉 /b/ 〈b〉         /t/ 〈t〉 /d/ 〈d〉                         /ʈ/ 〈ŧ〉 /ɖ/ 〈đ〉 /c/ 〈ҟ〉 /ɟ/ 〈ǥ〉 /k/ 〈k〉 /g/ 〈g〉 /q/ 〈q〉 /ɢ/ 〈ɔ̦〉
Nasal Plain   /m/ 〈m〉           /n/ 〈n〉                       /n̠/ 〈ǹ〉   /ɳ/ 〈n̏〉   /ɲ/ 〈ñ〉   /ŋ/ 〈n̏̀〉    
Labial   /m/ 〈m̊〉           /n/ 〈n̊〉                       /n̠ʷ/ 〈ǹ̊〉   /ɳʷ/ 〈n̏̊〉   /ɲʷ/ 〈ñ̊〉   /ŋʷ/ 〈n̥̏̀〉    
Fricative Plain Normal     /s̟/ 〈ṡ〉 /z̟/ 〈ż〉 /s̟ʲ/ 〈ṡ́〉 /z̟ʲ/ 〈ż́〉 /s/ 〈s〉 /z/ 〈z〉 /sʲ/ 〈ś〉 /zʲ/ 〈ź〉 /s̠/ 〈s̀〉 /z̠/ 〈z̀〉 /ɕ/ 〈š〉 /ʑ/ 〈ž〉 /ɕ̠/ 〈s᷈〉 /ʑ̠/ 〈z᷈〉 /ʃ̟/ 〈s̏̇〉 /ʒ̟/ 〈z̏̇〉 /ʃ/ 〈s̏〉 /ʒ/ 〈z̏〉 /ʂ/ 〈s̏̀〉 /ʐ/ 〈z̏̀〉 /ç/ 〈h́〉 /ʝ/ 〈ý〉 /x/ 〈x〉   /χ/ 〈x̀〉  
Normal     /s̟͈/ 〈ṡ̄〉 /z̟͈/ 〈ż̄〉 /s̟͈ʲ/ 〈ṣ᷄〉 /z̟͈ʲ/ 〈ẓ᷄〉 /s͈/ 〈s̄〉 /z͈/ 〈z̄〉 /s͈ʲ/ 〈s᷄〉 /z͈ʲ/ 〈z᷄〉 /s̠͈/ 〈s᷅〉 /z̠͈/ 〈z᷅〉 /ɕ͈/ 〈š̄〉 /ʑ͈/ 〈ž̄〉 /ɕ̠͈/ 〈s᷈̄〉 /ʑ̠͈/ 〈z᷈̄〉 /ʃ̟͈/ 〈ṣ̏̄〉 /ʒ̟͈/ 〈ẓ̏̄〉 /ʃ͈/ 〈s̏̄〉 /ʒ͈/ 〈z̏̄〉 /ʂ͈/ 〈s̠̏̀〉 /ʐ͈/ 〈z̠̏̀〉 /ç͈/ 〈h᷄〉 /ʝ͈/ 〈y᷄〉 /x͈/ 〈x̄〉   /χ͈/ 〈x᷅〉  
Labial Normal     /s̟ʷ/ 〈ṡ̊〉 /z̟ʷ/ 〈ż̊〉 /s̟ʲʷ/ 〈ṡ̥́〉 /z̟ʲʷ/ 〈ż́〉 /sʷ/ 〈s̊〉 /zʷ/ 〈z̊〉 /sʲʷ/ 〈ś̊〉 /zʲʷ/ 〈ź̊〉 /s̠ʷ/ 〈s̀̊〉 /z̠ʷ/ 〈z̀̊〉 /ɕʷ/ 〈š̊〉 /ʑʷ/ 〈ž̊〉 /ɕ̠ʷ/ 〈s᷈̊〉 /ʑ̠ʷ/ 〈z᷈̊〉 /ʃ̟ʷ/ 〈s̥̏̇〉 /ʒ̟ʷ/ 〈z̥̏̇〉 /ʃʷ/ 〈s̏̊〉 /ʒʷ/ 〈z̏̊〉 /ʂʷ/ 〈s̥̏̀〉 /ʐʷ/ 〈z̥̏̀〉 /çʷ/ 〈h̥́〉 /ʝʷ/ 〈ý̊〉 /xʷ/ 〈x̊〉   /χʷ/ 〈x̀̊〉  
Tense     /s̟͈ʷ/ 〈ṡ̥̄〉 /z̟͈ʷ/ 〈ż̥̄〉 /s̟͈ʲʷ/ 〈s̤᷄〉 /z̟͈ʲʷ/ 〈z̤᷄〉 /s͈ʷ/ 〈s̄̊〉 /z͈ʷ/ 〈z̄̊〉 /s͈ʲʷ/ 〈s̥᷄〉 /z͈ʲʷ/ 〈z̥᷄〉 /s̠͈ʷ/ 〈s̥᷅〉 /z̠͈ʷ/ 〈z̥᷅〉 /ɕ͈ʷ/ 〈š̥̄〉 /ʑ͈ʷ/ 〈ž̥̄〉 /ɕ̠͈ʷ/ 〈s̥᷈̄〉 /ʑ̠͈ʷ/ 〈z̥᷈̄〉 /ʃ̟͈ʷ/ 〈s̤̏̄〉 /ʒ̟͈ʷ/ 〈z̤̏̄〉 /ʃ͈ʷ/ 〈s̥̏̄〉 /ʒ͈ʷ/ 〈z̥̏̄〉 /ʂ͈ʷ/ 〈s̜̏̀〉 /ʐ͈ʷ/ 〈z̜̏̀〉 /ç͈ʷ/ 〈h̥᷄〉 /ʝ͈ʷ/ 〈y᷄̊〉 /x͈ʷ/ 〈x̄̊〉   /χ͈ʷ/ 〈x̥᷅〉  
Approximant   /w/ 〈w〉           /l/ 〈l〉                               /j/ 〈y〉        

Vowels

  Front Back
  Unround Rounded
Close /i/ 〈i〉 /u/ 〈u〉
Close-mid /e/ 〈e〉  
Mid   /o̞~o/ 〈o〉
Open-mid /ɛ/ 〈ê〉  
Open /a/ 〈a〉  

Diphthongs and polyphthongs

TBD.​  ​

Vowel reduction

Unreduced i e ɛ a o~o̞ u
Reduced ɪ e ᴀ ə ʊ

Sissinese vowels reduce when they are in low-pitch syllables according to Sissinese pitch accent.​  ​The vowel /ɛ/ does not reduce. /i/ does not reduce before a palatal consonant.

Orthography

 
Roman letter p b t d ŧ đ ҟ ǥ k g q ɔ̦ ṡ ṡ̄ ż ż̄ ṡ́ ṣ᷄ ż́ ẓ᷄ s s̄ z z̄ ś s᷄ ź z᷄ s̀ s᷅ z̀ z᷅ š š̄ ž ž̄ s᷈ s᷈̄ z᷈ z᷈̄ s̏̇ ṣ̏̄ z̏̇ ẓ̏̄ s̏ s̏̄ z̏ z̏̄ s̏̀ s̠̏̀ z̏̀ z̠̏̀ h́ h᷄ ý y᷄ x x̄ x̀ x᷅ ṡ̊ ṡ̥̄ ż̊ ż̥̄ ṡ̥́ s̤᷄ ż́ z̤᷄ s̊ s̄̊ z̊ z̄̊ ś̊ s̥᷄ ź̊ z̥᷄ s̀̊ s̥᷅ z̀̊ z̥᷅ š̊ š̥̄ ž̊ ž̥̄ s᷈̊ s̥᷈̄ z᷈̊ z̥᷈̄ s̥̏̇ s̤̏̄ z̥̏̇ z̤̏̄ s̏̊ s̥̏̄ z̏̊ z̥̏̄ s̥̏̀ s̜̏̀ z̥̏̀ z̜̏̀ h̥́ h̥᷄ ý̊ y᷄̊ x̊ x̄̊ x̀̊ x̥᷅ m n ǹ n̏ ñ n̏̀ m̊ n̊ ǹ̊ n̏̊ ñ̊ n̥̏̀ w l y a e ê i o u Pitch accent diacritic ◌́ ◌̀
ASCII tr dr ky gy qg sx ssx zx zzx sxy ssxy zxy zzxy ss zz sy ssy zy zzy sr ssr zr zzr shy sshy zhy zzhy shyr sshyr zhyr zzhyr shx sshx zhx zzhx sh ssh zh zzh sr ssr zr zzr hy hhy yh yyh x xx qh qqh sxw ssxw zxw zzxw sxyw ssxyw zxyw zzxyw sw ssw zw zzw syw ssyw zyw zzyw srw ssrw zrw zzrw shyw sshyw zhyw zzhyw shyrw sshyrw zhyrw zzhyrw shxw sshxw zhxw zzhxw shw sshw zhw zzhw srw ssrw zrw zzrw hyw hhyw yhw yyhw khw kkhw qhw qqhw rn nr ny ng mw nw rnw nrw nyw ngw ae ASCII pitch accent indicator ^ h
Sound p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k g q ɢ s̟ s̟͈ z̟ z̟͈ s̟ʲ s̟͈ʲ z̟ʲ z̟͈ʲ s s͈ z z͈ sʲ s͈ʲ zʲ z͈ʲ s̠ s̠͈ z̠ z̠͈ ɕ ɕ͈ ʑ ʑ͈ ɕ̠ ɕ̠͈ ʑ̠ ʑ̠͈ ʃ̟ ʃ̟͈ ʒ̟ ʒ̟͈ ʃ ʃ͈ ʒ ʒ͈ ʂ ʂ͈ ʐ ʐ͈ ç ç͈ ʝ ʝ͈ x x͈ χ χ͈ s̟ʷ s̟͈ʷ z̟ʷ z̟͈ʷ s̟ʲʷ s̟͈ʲʷ z̟ʲʷ z̟͈ʲʷ sʷ s͈ʷ zʷ z͈ʷ sʲʷ s͈ʲʷ zʲʷ z͈ʲʷ s̠ʷ s̠͈ʷ z̠ʷ z̠͈ʷ ɕʷ ɕ͈ʷ ʑʷ ʑ͈ʷ ɕ̠ʷ ɕ̠͈ʷ ʑ̠ʷ ʑ̠͈ʷ ʃ̟ʷ ʃ̟͈ʷ ʒ̟ʷ ʒ̟͈ʷ ʃʷ ʃ͈ʷ ʒʷ ʒ͈ʷ ʂʷ ʂ͈ʷ ʐʷ ʐ͈ʷ çʷ ç͈ʷ ʝʷ ʝ͈ʷ xʷ x͈ʷ χʷ χ͈ʷ m n n̠ ɳ ɲ ŋ mʷ nʷ n̠ʷ ɳʷ ɲʷ ŋʷ w l j a e ɛ i o u Pitch accent ꜛ ꜜ

The capital form of ʃ is ʆ.​  ​

Phonotactics:

The syllable structure is (C)(A)V(N).​  ​Velar sounds and /i/ may undergo assimilation in one of two ways: either the velar plosives /k/ and /g/ palatalize or front respectively into [kʲ~k̟] and [gʲ~g̟] before /i/, or the /i/ may back into /ɪ̝/ before those velar sounds.​  ​/i/ undergoes the same assimilation as below when next to a retroflex fricative.

Vowels' uvular assimilation

Unassimilated i e ɛ a o~o u
Assimilated ɪ~ɪ̝~ɨ~ɨ̞ e~e̞~əe̯ ɛ~e̞ ᴀ

Grammar

The default word order is SVO (SVDI).​  ​TAM affixes are applied in the order "aspect-tense-mood".​  ​Sissinese is somewhat agglutinative and highly inflectional.​  ​It uses numeral classifiers, which go between the number and the thing being counted.

Word table (Uncounted entries)

Abbreviations

adj.: adjective
adv.: adverb
prn.: pronoun
postp.: postposition
int.: interjection
conj.: conjunction
m.: marker
art.: article
aff.: affix
cl.: classifier
n.: noun
v.: verb

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Additional information

Sissinese uses a base 19 number system, as they count on their fingers in a certain way.

The fingers are given the following designations.​  ​The Sissinese people consider the thumb to be a finger.

Each hand may be denoted with the string "1-2-3-4-5", with non-extended fingers' numbers replaced with underscores.​  ​Fingers touching are denoted with a comma and the touching fingers separated by x.​  ​Hands are separated by a semicolon and space. In the Sissinese finger count, the hands are head with the palms facing towards the person counting.
Number Finger
1 Thumb
2 Index/Pointer
3 Middle
4 Ring
5 Pinky
 
Finger pattern Value
No fingers extended 0
1-_-_-_-_ 1
1-2-_-_-_ 2
1-2-3-_-_ 3
1-2-3-4-_ 4
1-2-3-4-5 5
1-2-3-4-5,1x2 6
1-2-3-4-5,1x3 7
1-2-3-4-5,1x4 8
1-2-3-4-5,1x5 9
1-2-3-4-5,1x5; 1-_-_-_-_ 10
1-2-3-4-5,1x5; 1-2-_-_-_ 11
1-2-3-4-5,1x5; 1-2-3-_-_ 12
1-2-3-4-5,1x5; 1-2-3-4-_ 13
1-2-3-4-5,1x5; 1-2-3-4-5 14
1-2-3-4-5,1x5; 1-2-3-4-5,1x2 15
1-2-3-4-5,1x5; 1-2-3-4-5,1x3 16
1-2-3-4-5,1x5; 1-2-3-4-5,1x4 17
1-2-3-4-5,1x5; 1-2-3-4-5,1x5 18

Ssanamese

Phonology:

Consonants:

 
Loan phoneme (does not appear in native words)
  Labial Interdental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less V'less Voiced V'less
Plosive Plain /p/ 〈p〉 /b/ 〈b〉     /t/ 〈t〉 /d/ 〈d〉 /ʈ/ 〈t̀〉 /ɖ/ 〈d̀〉 /c/ 〈ḱ〉 /ɟ/ 〈ǵ〉 /k/ 〈k〉 /g/ 〈g〉 /q/ 〈q〉     /ʔ/ 〈Ꞌ/ꞌ〉
Tense /p͈/ 〈ṗ〉       /t͈/ 〈ṭ〉   /ʈ͈/ 〈ṭ̀〉   /c͈/ 〈ḳ́〉   /k͈/ 〈ḳ〉          
Nasal   /m/ 〈m〉       /n/ 〈n〉   /ɳ/ 〈ǹ〉   /ɲ/ 〈ñ〉   /ŋ/ 〈ň〉        
Fricative Plain /ɸ/ 〈f〉 /β/ 〈v〉 /θ/ 〈t́〉 /ð/ 〈d́〉 /s/ 〈s〉 /z/ 〈z〉 /ʂ/ 〈s̀〉 /ʐ/ 〈z̀〉 /ç/ 〈h́〉 /ʝ/ 〈ý〉 /x/ 〈x〉 /ɣ/ 〈ğ〉 /χ/ 〈x̀〉 /ħ/ 〈x̏〉 /ʕ/ 〈ğ̏〉 /h/ 〈h〉
Tense /ɸ͈/ 〈f̣〉       /s͈/ 〈ṣ〉   /ʂ͈/ 〈ṣ̀〉   /ç͈/ 〈ḥ́〉   /x͈/ 〈x̣〉         /h͈/ 〈ḥ〉
Affricate Plain         /t͡s/ 〈ts〉 /d͡z/ 〈dz〉 /ʈ͡ʂ/ 〈ts̀〉 /ɖ͡ʐ/ 〈dz̀〉 /c͡ç/ 〈kh́〉 /ɟ͡ʝ/ 〈gý〉 /k͡x/ 〈kx〉 /g͡ɣ/ 〈gğ〉        
Tense         /t͡s/ 〈tṣ〉   /ʈ͡ʂ/ 〈tṣ̀〉   /c͡ç/ 〈kḥ́〉   /k͡x/ 〈kx̣〉          
Lateral fricative Plain         /ɬ/ 〈ł〉                      
Tense         /ɬ͈/ 〈ł̣〉                      
Lateral approximant           /l/ 〈l〉                    
Approximant   /w/ 〈w〉       /ɹ/ 〈r̂〉       /j/ 〈y〉            
Flap           /ɾ/ 〈r〉   /ɽ/ 〈r̀〉                
Trill           /r~ɾ~ɾɾ~θ̠~θ̠ɾ/ 〈r̄〉                    

Vowels

  Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close /i/ 〈i〉   /ɨ/ 〈ï〉   /u/ 〈u〉  
Near-close   /ɪ/ 〈ì〉   /ʊ/ 〈ù〉    
Mid /e̞/ 〈e〉   /ə/ 〈ë〉   /o̞/ 〈o〉  
Open-mid /ɛ/ 〈è〉       /ʌ/ 〈ȕ〉 /ɔ/ 〈ò〉
Open     /ᴀ/ 〈a〉   /ɑ/ 〈ä〉  
Syllabic consonant
  /ʒ̩/ 〈ź〉  
Other features
/ː/ 〈◌̄〉
Goes after all other diacritics

Stress is determined by phonology.

  1. The first syllable is usually stressed.
    2. However, a penultimate syllable that precedes an ultimate syllable with null onset will receive primary stress instead, and the first syllable in such a word
  2. will receive secondary stress.
    3. Length attracts primary stress instead, but a syllable that would otherwise have had primary stress will have secondary stress. If there are multiple long
  3. syllables, the first receives primary stress.
  4. Monosyllabic prepositions and monosyllabic grammar words are unstressed.

Orthography

The Ssanamese script is an abugida. Tensed consonants are indicated with dotted versions of their "base" glyphs. Each glyph has a subscript form for codas; subscript forms exist even for glyphs whose consonants cannot be codas. The inherent vowel is /i/. There is a virama. There is a diacritic for a long vowel, which goes above a vowel diacritic if one is present (or above the letter itself for /i/ syllables, whose vowel quality is implied). There is a diacritic-bearing romanization and an ASCII romanization.

 
Letter a ä b c c̣ d dz d̀ e ë è f f̣ g gğ gý ǵ ğ h h́ ḥ́ ḥ i ï ì j k kh́ kḥ́ kx kx̣ ḱ ḳ́ ḳ l ł ł̣ m n ǹ ñ ň o ò p ṗ r r̀ s s̀ ṣ̀ ṣ t ts tṣ t̀ ṭ̀ ṭ u ù ȕ v w x x̣ y ý z z̀ ź
ASCII ah dr oe eh ff ggh gyh gy gh hy hhy hh iu ih khy kkhy kxx ky kky kk lh llh nr ny ng oh pp rr sr ssr ss tts tr ttr tt ue uh xx yh zr zh
Sound ᴀ ɑ b ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂ͈ d d͡z ɖ e̞ ə ɛ ɸ ɸ͈ g g͡ɣ ɟ͡ʝ ɟ ɣ h ç ç͈ h͈ i ɨ ɪ ɖ͡ʐ k c͡ç c͡ç k͡x k͡x c c͈ k͈ l ɬ ɬ͈ m n ɳ ɲ ŋ o̞ ɔ p p͈ ɾ ɽ s ʂ ʂ͈ s͈ t t͡s t͡s ʈ ʈ͈ t͈ u ʊ ʌ β w x x͈ j ʝ z ʐ ʒ̩

Phonotactics:

The syllable structure is (C)V(C). The last (C) may be a fricative (including the lateral fricatives), a plain stop (which becomes unreleased ◌̚), /w/ (which becomes u̯), /j/ (which becomes i̯), /l/, or a nasal.

Grammar

Verbs conjugate for tense (of which there are 3: past, present, and future; as in English) and are marked for aspect. There are two verb classes, -i and -fe.​  ​-i class verbs' tense forms are -lu (past), -kʒ̩ (present), and -c͈in (future); and -fe class verbs' tense forms are -ne̞ŋ (past), -jᴀ (present), and -hɑ (future).​  ​Aspect is marked with suffixes, which are the same for all verb classes.​  ​The suffix for progressive aspect depends on tense: -g͡ɣᴀ for past, -un for present, and -dil for future progressives.​  ​Mood markers do not depend on tense or verb class; the interrogative mood's suffix is always -ʐi and the imperative mood's is always -s͈e̞h͈.
Verbs in their forms ending with -i or -fe are in the infinitive, and those suffixes are replaced by the tense markers.​  ​Aspect and mood markers append to the verb, in that order after the tense suffix.

Adjectives come after their nouns.​  ​There are five cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and instrumental; each is marked with its own suffix on the noun.​  ​The default word order is SVO.

Word table (Uncounted entries)

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Sptyanim

Phonology:

Consonants:

 
  Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
V'less Voiced V'less Voiced Voiced V'less Voiced
Nasal   /m/ 〈m〉   /n/ 〈n〉     /ŋ/ 〈ng〉
Plosive /p/ 〈p〉   /t/ 〈t〉     /k/ 〈k〉  
Fricative /f/ 〈f〉   /s/ 〈s〉     /x/ 〈x〉  
Approximant   /w/ 〈w〉   /l~ɹ/ 〈l〉 /j/ 〈y〉    

Vowels

  Front Central Back
Close /i/ 〈i〉   /u/ 〈u〉
Open   /ᴀ/ 〈a〉  

Orthography

The Sptyanim script is an impure abjad. Vowel marks are mainly used in learning materials, though they are always used when writing personal names. A vowel carrier exists for lone-vowel syllables, though vowel marks are not necessarily written over it (except in names and learning materials). There is a "vowel mark" for the absence of a vowel. Its romanization is detailed below. As stress and certain phonological changes are not predictable, they are also marked in dictionaries and learning materials.

 
Primary graph/digraph a f i k l m n ng p s t u w x y Other markers ◌̂ ◌̌ ◌̽ ◌̄ ľ
ASCII-only variant ^ v ' (Double letter) lh
Sound ᴀ f i k l~ɹ m n ŋ p s t u w x j ˈ ˌ ◌̚ ◌̩ ɬ

Phonotactics:

The syllable structure is (C)(V)(C), with no theoretical limit to consonant clusters. The syllable /w/ is realized as [wʊ̯̆] and the syllable /j/ is realized as [jɪ̯̆]. A syllable consisting only of a plosive has its plosive strongly aspirated (/p/ -> [pʰ̩], /t/ -> [tʰ̩], /k/ -> [kʰ̩]). Only syllables with vowels can bear stress; if a polysyllabic word has only one syllable with a vowel, that syllable is stressed. Otherwise, the stress is unpredictable. The syllables /w/ and /j/ do not count as having vowels, even if they are phonetically realized with vowel sounds.

Grammar

The word order is SOV. There are minimal or no adpositions. Tense and aspect are marked using auxiliary verbs. Adjectives precede their nouns and adverbs precede their modificands. Cases are not marked except for the dative (indirect object) and genitive (possessor). There are several derivational suffixes.

Word table (Uncounted entries)

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