Wuiania and its languages

Version b0.0

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This page uses 〈ᴀ〉 in its phonetic notation to represent the open central unrounded vowel, and 〈a〉 to represent the open front unrounded vowel.



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Wuianese

Phonology:

Initials:

 
Involved in a shift or merger
  Labial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal (Pre-)Velar Glottal
  V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less
Plosive Plain /p/ 〈p〉 /b/ 〈b〉     /t̪͆/ 〈ť〉 /d̪͆/ 〈ď〉 /t/ 〈t〉 /d/ 〈d〉 /t̠/ 〈t̀〉 /d̠/ 〈d̀〉 /c/ 〈k̋〉 /ɟ/ 〈g̋〉 /k/ 〈k〉 /g/ 〈g〉 /ʰʔ/ 〈q〉
Aspirated         /t̪͆ʰ~θ/ 〈ť̰〉   /tʰ/ 〈t̃〉   /t̠ʰ/ 〈t̰̀〉   /cʰ~c͡ç/ 〈k̰̋〉   /kʰ~k͡x/ 〈k̃〉   /ʰʔʰ~ʰʔ͡h/ 〈q̃〉
Palatalized /pʲ/ 〈ṕ〉 /bʲ/ 〈b́〉     /t̪͆ʲ/ 〈ť́〉   /tʲ/ 〈t́〉 /dʲ/ 〈d́〉         /k̟/ 〈ḱ〉 /g̟/ 〈ǵ〉  
Palatalized aspirated         /t̪͆ʲʰ/ 〈ť̰́〉   /tʲʰ/ 〈t̰́〉           /k̟ʰ/ 〈ḱ̰〉    
Nasal Plain   /m/ 〈m〉           /n̪~n/ 〈n〉   /n̠/ 〈ǹ〉   /ɲ/ 〈ń〉   /ŋ/ 〈n̏〉  
Palatalized   /mʲ/ 〈ḿ〉           /n̪ʲ~nʲ/ 〈ń〉           /ŋ̟/ 〈ň〉  
Flap               /ɾ~r/ 〈r〉              
Fricative Plain     /ɸ~f/ 〈f〉 /v/ 〈v〉 /θ/ 〈þ〉 /ð/ 〈ð〉 /s/ 〈s〉 /z/ 〈z〉 /ʃ/ 〈s̀〉 /ʒ/ 〈z̀〉 /ç/ 〈x̋〉 /ʝ/ 〈ɣ̋〉 /x/ 〈x〉 /ɣ/ 〈ɣ〉 /h/ 〈h〉
Palatalized     /fʲ/ 〈f́〉 /vʲ/ 〈v́〉     /sʲ/ 〈ś〉 /zʲ/ 〈ź〉 /ɕ/ 〈ŝ〉 /ʑ/ 〈ẑ〉     /x̟/ 〈x́〉 /ɣ̟/ 〈ɣ́〉  
Affricate Plain     /p̪͡f/ 〈f̌〉 /b̪͡v/ 〈v̌〉     /t͡s/ 〈c〉 /d͡z/ 〈ž〉 /t̠͡ʃ/ 〈č〉 /d̠͡ʒ/ 〈j〉          
Palatalized     /p̪͡fʲ/ 〈f᷉〉 /b̪͡vʲ/ 〈v᷉〉     /t͡sʲ/ 〈ć〉 /d͡zʲ/ 〈z᷉〉 /t͡ɕ/ 〈c᷉〉 /d̠͡ʑ/ 〈j́〉          
Lateral fricative             /ɬ~ɮ/ 〈l̃〉   /ɬ̠~ɮ̠~ɭ̊˔~ɭ˔/ 〈l̰̀〉            
Approximant /w~β̞/ 〈w〉             /l/ 〈l〉 /ɹ~ɻ/ 〈l̀〉     /j/ 〈y〉      

Vowels

 
  Front Near-front Central Back
  Unround Rounded Unround Rounded
Close /i/ 〈i〉   /ɯ̟~ɨ/ 〈u̇〉 /u/ 〈u〉
Near-close   /ʏ/ 〈ü〉    
Close-mid /e/ 〈e〉     /o/ 〈o〉
Mid     /ə/ 〈ë〉  
Open-mid /ɛ/ 〈ė〉     /ɔ/ 〈ö〉
Open     /ᴀ~a/ 〈a〉  

Stress accent

Wuianese words usually have up to one stressed syllable; words compounded from multiple stress-bearing words will have two stressed syllables, but the most stressed of the two will usually be the first one.​  ​Stress is marked with an acute accent diacritic ◌́, with the "lesser" stressed syllables in compounds being marked with a grave accent ◌̀.​  ​However, stress may not be marked in writing on words where stress does not form a minimal pair (that is, if stress will not change the meaning); it is always marked in learning materials and dictionaries.​  ​In a word with stressed syllables, the unstressed syllables will be at a slightly lower pitch than those in a word without stressed syllables.​  ​Grammatical affixes are exempt from this rule and do not change the pitches of the word they are attached to.

Diphthongs and polyphthongs (multiphthongs)

Any vowel may follow any other vowel; duplicate vowels are equivalent to long vowels.​  ​Wuianese phonotactics allow for up to 3 vowels in a syllable; triphthongs' components can exhibit considerable allophony.​  ​If a polyphthong is stressed, the entire polyphthong bears the stress (there cannot be mixed stress across a polyphthong's vowels), and all of the vowel letters are marked with the diacritic.

Finals:

 
  Labial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Pre-velar Velar Glottal
  V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less Voiced V'less
Plosive Plain Unreleased /p̚/ 〈p/ṕ/b/b́〉           /t̚/ 〈t/ď/t́/d/d́/ť/ť́/t̀/d̀〉               /k̚/ 〈k/g/ḱ/ǵ〉   /ʔ/ 〈q〉
Released         /t̪͆/ 〈ť̰〉 /d̪͆/ 〈ď̰〉 /t/ 〈t̃〉 /d/ 〈d̃〉 /t̠/ 〈t̰̀〉 /d̠/ 〈d̰̀〉 /c/ 〈k̰̋〉   /k̟/ 〈ḱ̰〉 /g̟/ 〈g̃́〉 /k/ 〈k̃〉 /g/ 〈g̃〉 /ʔʰ/ 〈q̃〉
Palatalized         /t̪͆ʲ/ 〈ť̰́〉   /tʲ/ 〈t̰́〉 /dʲ/ 〈d̰́〉                  
Nasal Plain   /m/ 〈m〉           /n̪~n/ 〈n〉   /n̠~ɳ/ 〈ǹ〉   /ɲ/ 〈ń〉       /ŋ/ 〈n̏〉  
Palatalized   /mʲ/ 〈ḿ〉           /n̪ʲ~nʲ/ 〈ń〉           /ŋ̟/ 〈ň〉      
Fricative     /f/ 〈f/f́/f̌〉 /v/ 〈v/v́/v̌〉 /θ/ 〈þ〉 /ð/ 〈ð〉 /s/ 〈s〉 /z~s~z̥᪽/ 〈z〉 /ʃ/ 〈s̀〉 /ʒ/ 〈z̀〉     /ç̟/ 〈x́〉 /ɣ́~i̯/ 〈ɣ́〉 /x/ 〈x〉 /ɣ/ 〈ɣ〉 /h/ 〈h〉
Affricate Plain             /t͡s/ 〈c〉 /d͡z/ 〈ž〉 /t̠͡ʃ/ 〈č〉 /d̠͡ʒ/ 〈j〉              
Palatalized             /t͡sʲ/ 〈ć〉 /d͡zʲ/ 〈z᷉〉 /t͡ɕ/ 〈c᷉〉 /d̠͡ʑ/ 〈j́〉              
Approximant /u̯/ 〈w〉             /l/ 〈l/l̃〉 /ɹ~ɻ/ 〈l̀/l̰̀〉     /i̯/ 〈y/ǵ/g̋/k̋/x̋/ɣ̋〉          

Orthography

 
Roman letter a b b́ c ć č c᷉ ď ď̰ d d́ d̀ d̃ d̰́ d̰̀ e ė ë f f́ f̌ g̋ ǵ ǵ̰ g̃ g h i u̇ j j́ k̋ ḱ k̰̋ ḱ̰ k̃ k l l̀ l̃ l̰̀ m ń n ǹ n̏ o ȯ ö p ṕ q q̃ r s ś ŝ s̀ ť ť́ ť̰ ť̰́ t t́ t̀ t̃ t̰́ t̰̀ u ü v v́ v̌ w x̋ x́ x ɣ̋ ɣ́ ɣ y z ź ẑ z̀ ž z᷉ þ ð Tone diacritic None / ◌̍ ◌̠ ◌̀ ◌̄ ◌́ ◌̌ ◌̂ ◌᷄ ◌̚ ◌᷅ ◌᷈
ASCII by cy ch chy hdd hddh dy dr dh dyh drh ea oe fy pf ygy gy gyh gh iu jy yky ky ykyh kyh kh lr lh lrh ny nr ng ao uo py qh sy shy sh htt htty htth httyh ty tr th tyh trh ui vy bv yxy xy yghy ghy gh zy zhy zh dz dzy ht hd Tone number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Initial sound [ᴀ~a] [b] [bʲ] [t͡s] [t͡sʲ] [t̠͡ʃ] [t͡ɕ] [d̪͆] [d̪͆ʱ] [d] [dʲ] [d̠] [dʱ] [dʲʱ] [d̠ʱ] [e] [ɛ] [ə] [f~ɸ] [fʲ] [p̪͡f] [ɟ] [g̟] [g̟ʱ] [gʱ] [g] [h] [i] [ɯ̟~ɨ] [d̠͡ʒ] [d͡ʑ] [c] [k̟] [cʰ~c͡ç] [k̟ʰ] [kʰ~k͡x] [k] [l] [ɹ~ɻ] [ɬ~ɮ] [ɬ̠~ɮ̠~ɭ̊˔ɭ˔] [m] [ɲ] [n̪~n] [n̠] [ŋ] [o] [ɒ] [ɔ] [p] [pʲ] [ʰʔ] [ʰʔʰ~ʰʔ͡h] [ɾ~r] [s] [sʲ] [ɕ] [ʃ] [t̪͆] [t̪͆ʲ] [t̪͆ʰ] [t̪͆ʲʰ] [t] [tʲ] [t̠] [tʰ] [tʲʰ] [t̠ʰ] [u] [ʏ] [v] [vʲ] [b̪͡v] [w~β̞] [ç] [x̟] [x] [ʝ] [ɣ̟] [ɣ] [j] [z] [zʲ] [ʑ] [ʒ] [d͡z] [d͡zʲ] [θ] [ð]
Final sound [p̚] [t̚] [d̪͆] [t̚] [d] [dʲ] [d̠] [f] [i̯] [g̟] [g] [k̚] [i̯] [k̚] [c] [k̟] [k] [k̚] [l] [ɹ~ɻ] [l] [ɹ~ɻ] [p̚] [ʔ] [ʔʰ~ʔ͡h] [l] [t̚] [t̪͆] [t̪͆ʲ] [t̚] [t] [tʲ] [t̠] [v] [u̯] [i̯] [ɣ̟~i̯] [i̯] Tone ˧ ˩ ˥˩~˦˩~˥˨ ˥ ˩˥~˨˥~˩˦ ˥˩˥~˥˧˥~ ˨˩˥~˦˧˥ ˩˧˩~˧˦~˦˧ ˧˥ ˧˩ ˥˧ ˩˧

Polyphthongs are not considered their own letters.​  ​Ambiguities in are disambiguated with the apostrophe '.​  ​Polyphthongs carry a single overarching tone, which is marked with a diacritic on the last vowel.​  ​The mid tone is unmarked, but when it becomes necessary to orhographically separate it from an adjacent vowel with its own tone, it is marked with the vertical line ◌̍. The letter "i" keeps its tittle under a tone diacritic (e.g. "i̇̌") unless vertical space limitations necessitate its omission.​  ​Many consonants make the same sounds as finals, but the orthography has been mostly regularized.

Phonotactics:

The syllable structure is (C)(L)(N)(L)(S)V(V)(V)(C).
  • When an aspirated plosive precedes a liquid medial, the aspiration is moved to after the liquid and the liquid becomes aspirated or breathy-voiced.
  • Interdental plosives before an /l/ medial (/t̪͆l/, /d̪͆l/, /t̪͆ʰl/, /d̪͆ʱl/, /t̪͆ʲl/, /t̪͆ʲʰl/) become laterally released. With the above rule, they respectively become ([ t̪͆ˡl ], [ d̪͆ˡl ], [ t̪͆lʱ~t̪͆l̤ ], [ d̪͆lʱ~d̪͆l̤ ], [ t̪͆ʲl ], [ t̪͆ʲlʱ~t̪͆ʲl̤ ]).
    • Vowels following aspirated plosives may be pronounced with a breathy voice.
    • /j/ palatalizes an initial plosive or affricate, if one is present, whereas the vowel [i] alone may or may not.​  ​/ŋ/ palatalizes to [ŋ̟]/[ɲ̠] (the pre-velar nasal).
    • /e/ shifts to /e̞/ after an aspirated consonant.
    • /ji/ shifts /n/ to [ɲ] and /ŋ/ to [n].
    • A syllable cannot have more than one liquid medial.
    • Likewise, /w/ labializes a preceding plosive (but not necessarily an affricate).
    • <ww> is realized as [wː~ʰw~wu̯~u̯w] and <yy> is realized as [jː~ji̯~i̯j].
    • [j] palatalizes <č> [t̠͡ʃ] to [t͡ʲɕ] and <j> [d̠͡ʒ] to [d͡ʲʑ].
    • A final aspirated consonant before its unaspirated counterpart assimilates into a single aspirated consonant; <l̃> /ɬ̆~ɮ̆/ is considered the aspirated form of <l> /l/. for this rule. The rule considering interdental plosives overrides this rule.
    • 〈u̇〉 /ɯ̟~ɨ/ is likely to front to [ɨ] after palatal consonants.

Grammar

Most verbs do not conjugate by changing in form, instead using affixes or subsequent spaced markers to indicate information such as tense; the citation form of a verb is marked for tense (past, present, or future), but the present marker can generally be omitted.​  ​Present tense, simple aspect, and indicative mood are default.​  ​Polyphthongs are not considered their own letters.​  ​Aspect markers come between the verb and the tense marker; mood markers come after aspect markers (V-A-M-T).​  ​Wuianese has a minimal or nonexistent class distinction between adjectives and adverbs, such that adjectives can also serve as adverbs.​  ​Adverbs and adjectives acting as adverbs come after the verb and T.A.M markers.​  ​Despite this, some words which do not make sense as adjectives do exist solely as adverbs (and thus come after the verb).​  ​This placement rule excepts "dyów", which comes before the thing it negates.​  ​Modifiers come before the nouns they modify (e.g. blue car), and this is often the order in which compounding usually proceeds; but often compounds deviate from this order due to phonotactics.​  ​Wuianese uses an SOV (S-D-I-V) order and postpositions, which can be chained.​  ​The subject can be omitted in an imperative statement.​  ​Adjectives do not follow a set order, and may be ordered for emphasis (with the emphasized adjectives coming first).​  ​However, possessive and demonstrative adjectives come before all other adjectives.

Word table (Uncounted total entries)

Abbreviations

n.: noun
prn.: pronoun
v.: verb
adj.: adjective
adv.: adverb
postp.: postposition
int.: interjection
conj.: conjunction
m.: marker
art.: article

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